---
title: The Minstrel cracked his whip joyfully, the reindeer sprang forward,… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: The Minstrel cracked his whip joyfully, the reindeer sprang forward, the journey homeward was begun. Who acts: Minstrel, reindeer. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Mistress and Minstrel, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, Mistress and Minstrel, sentence 167

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The Minstrel cracked his whip joyfully, the reindeer sprang forward, the journey homeward was begun.

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**Who acts:** Minstrel, reindeer · **What happens:** crack, spring, begin · **To what, where:** whip, journey homeward

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Mistress and Minstrel. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Minstrel, reindeer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:2:167
# text = The Minstrel cracked his whip joyfully, the reindeer sprang forward, the journey homeward was begun.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Minstrel	Minstrel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cracked	crack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	whip	whip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	joyfully	joyfully	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	sprang	spring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	homeward	homeward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	begun	begin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crack** | past | the Minstrel | sky's whip |  |  |  | joyfully *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location whip=Theme |
| 2 | **spring** | past | the reindeer |  |  |  |  | forward *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **begin** | past · passive |  | the journey homeward |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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