---
title: All day, from dawn till evening twilight, his brave gray racer flew… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: All day, from dawn till evening twilight, his brave gray racer flew over the half-frozen earth; and the cuckoos chattered on the dashboard, and the bluebirds sang their sweetest songs. Who acts: brave gray racer, cuckoos, bluebirds. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James 
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Friendly Rivals, sentence 3

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All day, from dawn till evening twilight, his brave gray racer flew over the half-frozen earth; and the cuckoos chattered on the dashboard, and the bluebirds sang their sweetest songs.

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**Who acts:** brave gray racer, cuckoos, bluebirds · **What happens:** fly, freeze, chatter, sing · **To what, where:** frozen earth, dashboard, sweetest songs

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Friendly Rivals. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (brave gray racer, cuckoos, bluebirds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:21:3
# text = All day, from dawn till evening twilight, his brave gray racer flew over the half-frozen earth; and the cuckoos chattered on the dashboard, and the bluebirds sang their sweetest songs.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	till	till	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	twilight	twilight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
11	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	gray	gray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	racer	racer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	over	over	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
17	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	amod	_	_
20	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	cuckoos	cuckoo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
25	chattered	chatter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
26	on	on	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	dashboard	dashboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	bluebirds	bluebird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
33	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
34	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
35	sweetest	sweet	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	36	amod	_	_
36	songs	song	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | Ilmarinen's brave gray racer |  |  | the frozen earth | day |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over earth=Location |
| 2 | **freeze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | half *compound* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **chatter** | past | the cuckoos |  |  | the dashboard |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on dashboard=Location |
| 4 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | the bluebirds | bluebirds's sweetest songs |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme |
| 5 | **sing** |  | bluebirds *= bluebird* |  |  |  |  |  | nom song «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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