---
title: The Smith drew hard upon the reins; his racer ceased speeding, and t… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: The Smith drew hard upon the reins; his racer ceased speeding, and the sledge runners grated on the beach. Who acts: Smith, racer. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Friendly Rivals, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Friendly Rivals, sentence 8

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The Smith drew hard upon the reins; his racer ceased speeding, and the sledge runners grated on the beach.

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**Who acts:** Smith, racer · **What happens:** draw, cease, speed, grate · **To what, where:** sledge runners

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Friendly Rivals. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Smith, racer), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:21:8
# text = The Smith drew hard upon the reins; his racer ceased speeding, and the sledge runners grated on the beach.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Smith	Smith	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	reins	rein	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	racer	racer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	ceased	cease	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	speeding	speed	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	sledge	sledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	runners	runner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
18	grated	grate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | the Smith |  |  |  |  | upon the reins; hard *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cease** | past | Smith's racer | the sledge runners |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **speed** | gerund | Smith's racer *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **grate** | participle |  | the sledge runners *not said here* |  |  |  | on the beach | vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus on beach=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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