---
title: The upper half was of wheaten flour, the lower half was of coarse oa… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: The upper half was of wheaten flour, the lower half was of coarse oatmeal, and in the centre was a round black sandstone cunningly concealed. Who acts: upper half, lower half. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Slave Boy, with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Slave Boy, sentence 31

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The upper half was of wheaten flour, the lower half was of coarse oatmeal, and in the centre was a round black sandstone cunningly concealed.

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**Who acts:** upper half, lower half · **What happens:** be, conceal · **To what, where:** round black sandstone, centre

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Slave Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (upper half, lower half), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:29:31
# text = The upper half was of wheaten flour, the lower half was of coarse oatmeal, and in the centre was a round black sandstone cunningly concealed.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	wheaten	wheaten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	flour	flour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
11	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	15	nsubj	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	coarse	coarse	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	oatmeal	oatmeal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
23	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
24	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	sandstone	sandstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
26	cunningly	cunningly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	concealed	conceal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the upper half |  |  |  |  | of wheaten flour and coarse oatmeal and a round black sandstone | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | the lower half |  |  |  |  | of coarse oatmeal | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | past | the upper half *not said here* | a round black sandstone |  | the centre |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **conceal** | participle |  | a round black sandstone *not said here* |  |  |  | cunningly *property* | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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