---
title: Ice was beginning to form in the sheltered creeks and coves and fros… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: Ice was beginning to form in the sheltered creeks and coves and frost lay white on the shaded slopes of the hills. Who acts: Ice. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Golden Maiden, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Golden Maiden, sentence 3

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Ice was beginning to form in the sheltered creeks and coves and frost lay white on the shaded slopes of the hills.

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**Who acts:** Ice · **What happens:** begin, form, shelter, lay, shade · **To what, where:** sheltered creeks

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Golden Maiden. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:31:3
# text = Ice was beginning to form in the sheltered creeks and coves and frost lay white on the shaded slopes of the hills.
1	Ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	beginning	begin	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	form	form	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	sheltered	shelter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	creeks	creek	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	coves	cove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
14	lay	lay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
15	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	shaded	shade	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	slopes	slope	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past · progressive | Ice |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **form** | to-infinitive | Ice *not said here* |  |  | the sheltered creeks and coves and frost |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in creek=Location |
| 3 | **shelter** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **lay** | present | Ice *not said here* |  |  |  |  | white *property* | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **shade** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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