---
title: And Umra-Singh started back, and looked, and saw before him a root-e… — The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth · tree and pragmatics
description: And Umra-Singh started back, and looked, and saw before him a root-eating Wairágí[1], clad in a coat of bark, with long hair, and nails like the claws of a bird, and his legs and arms were bare, and his skin like that on the foot of an elephant. Who acts: Umra Singh, legs. A sentence of «The descent
---

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# The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth, A Sleep and a Dream., part 3, sentence 38

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Umra-Singh started back, and looked, and saw before him a root-eating Wairágí\[1\], clad in a coat of bark, with long hair, and nails like the claws of a bird, and his legs and arms were bare, and his skin like that on the foot of an elephant.

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**Who acts:** Umra Singh, legs · **What happens:** start back, look, see, eat, clad, be · **To what, where:** foot, eating Wairágí, coat · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth» by Unknown, A Sleep and a Dream., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Umra Singh, legs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg68641:5:38
# text = And Umra-Singh started back, and looked, and saw before him a root-eating Wairágí[1], clad in a coat of bark, with long hair, and nails like the claws of a bird, and his legs and arms were bare, and his skin like that on the foot of an elephant.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	Umra	Umra	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	Singh	Singh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	back	back	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
13	before	before	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	root	root	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	amod	_	_
19	Wairágí	Wairágí	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	1	1	NUM	LS	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	24	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	clad	clad	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	with	with	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
36	nails	nail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
37	like	like	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nmod	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
44	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	50	cc	_	_
45	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	46	nmod:poss	_	_
46	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	nsubj	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
48	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	conj	_	_
49	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	cop	_	_
50	bare	bare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	59	cc	_	_
53	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	54	nmod:poss	_	_
54	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	nsubj	_	_
55	like	like	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	54	nmod	_	_
57	on	on	ADP	IN	_	59	case	_	_
58	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	59	det	_	_
59	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
60	of	of	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
61	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	62	det	_	_
62	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start back** | past | Umra Singh |  |  | the foot  human's skin like that of a elephant |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **look** | past | Umra Singh *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **see** | past | Umra Singh *not said here* |  |  |  | before human |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 4 | **eat** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | root *compound* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **clad** | participle · passive |  | a eating Wairágí |  | a coat of bark |  | with long hair; nails like the claws of a bird *obl*; 1 *discourse* | tree rules |
| 6 | **is** | past | human's legs and arms |  |  |  |  | bare *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The descent of the sun: A cycle of birth» by Unknown, Project Gutenberg book 68641 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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