---
title: In some of the stories it may be noticed that articles such as plate… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: In some of the stories it may be noticed that articles such as plates, glasses, bottles of gin, brass pans, and pots have been mentioned, also the use of locks and keys has been introduced into at least one of the tales, although it is quite obvious that the above-mentioned articles could not have e
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 103

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In some of the stories it may be noticed that articles such as plates, glasses, bottles of gin, brass pans, and pots have been mentioned, also the use of locks and keys has been introduced into at least one of the tales, although it is quite obvious that the above-mentioned articles could not have existed in this country when the majority of the stories were first related, I have written them down when they were so translated by the interpreter.

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**Who acts:** way, majority, I, interpreter · **What happens:** notice, mention, introduce, be, not exist, write down · **To what, where:** some, pots, use, mentioned articles, country, STORIES

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (way, majority, I, interpreter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:103
# text = In some of the stories it may be noticed that articles such as plates, glasses, bottles of gin, brass pans, and pots have been mentioned, also the use of locks and keys has been introduced into at least one of the tales, although it is quite obvious that the above-mentioned articles could not have existed in this country when the majority of the stories were first related, I have written them down when they were so translated by the interpreter.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	noticed	notice	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	articles	article	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
12	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	glasses	glass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	bottles	bottle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	gin	gin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	brass	brass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	pans	pan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
26	pots	pot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
27	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
28	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	mentioned	mention	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	also	also	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	nsubj:pass	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	locks	lock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	keys	key	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
38	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	40	aux	_	_
39	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	40	aux:pass	_	_
40	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	parataxis	_	_
41	into	into	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
42	at	at	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	44	nmod	_	_
44	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	40	obl	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
47	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
49	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	53	mark	_	_
50	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	53	nsubj	_	_
51	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	53	cop	_	_
52	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	53	advmod	_	_
53	obvious	obvious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	parataxis	_	_
54	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	63	mark	_	_
55	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	59	det	_	_
56	above	above	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	56	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	mentioned	mention	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	59	amod	_	_
59	articles	article	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	63	nsubj:pass	_	_
60	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	63	aux	_	_
61	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	63	advmod	_	_
62	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	63	aux	_	_
63	existed	exist	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	53	advcl	_	_
64	in	in	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
65	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	66	det	_	_
66	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	63	obl	_	_
67	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	75	mark	_	_
68	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	69	det	_	_
69	majority	majority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	75	nsubj	_	_
70	of	of	ADP	IN	_	72	case	_	_
71	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	72	det	_	_
72	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	69	nmod	_	_
73	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	75	cop	_	_
74	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	75	advmod	_	_
75	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
76	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	79	punct	_	_
77	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	79	nsubj	_	_
78	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	79	aux	_	_
79	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	75	advcl	_	_
80	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	79	obj	_	_
81	down	down	ADP	RP	_	79	compound:prt	_	_
82	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	86	advmod	_	_
83	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	86	nsubj:pass	_	_
84	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	86	aux:pass	_	_
85	so	so	ADV	RB	_	86	advmod	_	_
86	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	79	conj	_	_
87	by	by	ADP	IN	_	89	case	_	_
88	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	89	det	_	_
89	interpreter	interpreter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	86	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
90	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **notice** | may · passive |  | some of the stories |  |  |  | that articles such plates and glasses and bottles of gin and brass pans; way *nsubj:pass* | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus |
| 2 | **mention** *speech: other* | present · perfect · passive |  | pots |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 3 | **introduce** | present · perfect · passive |  | the use of locks and keys |  |  |  | into one at least of the tales | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **is** | present | way |  |  |  |  | obvious *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **mention** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **not** **exist** | could · perfect · passive |  | the mentioned articles |  | this country |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **is** | past | the majority of the stories |  |  |  |  | first, related *property* | tree rules |
| 8 | **write down** | present · perfect | I | STORIES *= story* |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 9 | **translate** | past · passive | the interpreter | STORIES *= story* |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 10 | **use** |  |  | locks and keys |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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