---
title: The author is of the opinion that in the early days there was no for… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: The author is of the opinion that in the early days there was no form of native currency in the Ikom district. Who acts: author, that. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 109

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The author is of the opinion that in the early days there was no form of native currency in the Ikom district.

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**Who acts:** author, that · **What happens:** be, form · **To what, where:** native currency

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (author, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:109
# text = The author is of the opinion that in the early days there was no form of native currency in the Ikom district.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	opinion	opinion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
12	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	13	expl	_	_
13	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
14	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	15	det	_	_
15	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	currency	currency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	Ikom	Ikom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	district	district	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the author |  |  |  |  | of the opinion | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** | past | that |  |  | there | day | no form of native currency in the Ikom district *nsubj* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **form** |  |  | native currency in the Ikom district |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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