---
title: But the use of these implements is doubtless of a comparatively rece… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: But the use of these implements is doubtless of a comparatively recent date, as nearly all the natives in that part use wooden hoes lashed on to the bent handles with tie-tie. Who acts: use, natives, wooden hoes. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 111

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But the use of these implements is doubtless of a comparatively recent date, as nearly all the natives in that part use wooden hoes lashed on to the bent handles with tie-tie.

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**Who acts:** use, natives, wooden hoes · **What happens:** be, use, lash on · **To what, where:** implements

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (use, natives, wooden hoes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:111
# text = But the use of these implements is doubtless of a comparatively recent date, as nearly all the natives in that part use wooden hoes lashed on to the bent handles with tie-tie.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	implements	implement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	doubtless	doubtless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	comparatively	comparatively	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	recent	recent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	date	date	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
16	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	19	det:predet	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	det	_	_
22	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
24	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	hoes	hoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nsubj	_	_
26	lashed	lash	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	ccomp	_	_
27	on	on	ADP	RP	_	26	compound:prt	_	_
28	to	to	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	bent	bent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	handles	handle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
32	with	with	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	tie	tie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	tie	tie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the use of this implements |  |  |  |  | of a recent date; doubtless *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present | all natives in that part |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **lash on** | past | wooden hoes |  |  |  |  | to the bent handles; with tie tie | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient PP.instrument»: agent=Agent to handle=Co-Patient with tie=Instrument |
| 4 | **use** |  |  | this implements |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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