---
title: Prisoners taken in fighting or people killed were also eaten, and, f… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Prisoners taken in fighting or people killed were also eaten, and, from what the adjoining countries told the author, natives straying into their bush were similarly treated. Who acts: adjoining countries, natives. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Openi
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 115

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Prisoners taken in fighting or people killed were also eaten, and, from what the adjoining countries told the author, natives straying into their bush were similarly treated.

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**Who acts:** adjoining countries, natives · **What happens:** take, kill, eat, adjoin, tell, stray · **To what, where:** Prisoners, fighting, people, author, bush, natives · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (adjoining countries, natives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:115
# text = Prisoners taken in fighting or people killed were also eaten, and, from what the adjoining countries told the author, natives straying into their bush were similarly treated.
1	Prisoners	prisoner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	fighting	fighting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
9	also	also	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	19	obj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	adjoining	adjoin	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	amod	_	_
18	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	straying	stray	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
25	into	into	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
28	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux:pass	_	_
29	similarly	similarly	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	treated	treat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | participle |  | Prisoners *not said here* |  | fighting or people |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in fighting=Location |
| 2 | **kill** | participle |  | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **eat** | past · passive |  | Prisoners |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **adjoin** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | the adjoining countries | the author |  |  |  | what *obj* | tree rules |
| 6 | **stray** | gerund | natives *not said here* |  |  | people's bush |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into bush=Destination |
| 7 | **treat** | past · passive |  | natives |  |  |  | similarly *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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