---
title: In all cases they have had to be translated by an interpreter, and f… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: In all cases they have had to be translated by an interpreter, and frequently it has been found necessary to employ two. Who acts: cases, interpreter. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/12/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/) / [Opening](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/) / 12

# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 12

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In all cases they have had to be translated by an interpreter, and frequently it has been found necessary to employ two.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cases, interpreter · **What happens:** have, translate, find, employ · **To what, where:** cases, interpreter, two

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cases, interpreter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:12
# text = In all cases they have had to be translated by an interpreter, and frequently it has been found necessary to employ two.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	interpreter	interpreter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
15	frequently	frequently	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
20	necessary	necessary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	xcomp	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	employ	employ	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | cases *= case* |  |  | all cases |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **translate** | to-infinitive · passive | a interpreter |  |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | interpreter |  |  |  | frequently, necessary *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 4 | **employ** | to-infinitive | interpreter *not said here* | two |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent two=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/11/)
- next →: [sentence 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/13/)
- ↑ back to [Opening](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/1/)