---
title: After the usual salutations have been exchanged, he will make his co… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: After the usual salutations have been exchanged, he will make his complaint, which when translated by the interpreter will be something like the following: “My father and father (grandfather) catch one man goat and one woman goat. Who acts: object, something, interpreter, father. A sentence of «Ikom
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Opening, sentence 57

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After the usual salutations have been exchanged, he will make his complaint, which when translated by the interpreter will be something like the following: “My father and father (grandfather) catch one man goat and one woman goat.

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**Who acts:** object, something, interpreter, father · **What happens:** exchange, make, translate, be, follow, catch · **To what, where:** usual salutations, complaint, something, one man goat · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (object, something, interpreter, father), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:1:57
# text = After the usual salutations have been exchanged, he will make his complaint, which when translated by the interpreter will be something like the following: “My father and father (grandfather) catch one man goat and one woman goat.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	salutations	salutation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	exchanged	exchange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	complaint	complaint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
17	translated	translate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	interpreter	interpreter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
21	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
23	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	17	obl:agent	_	_
24	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
28	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nsubj	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	_
33	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	grandfather	grandfather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	34	punct	_	_
36	catch	catch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	parataxis	_	_
37	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	39	nummod	_	_
38	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	goat	goat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obj	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
41	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	42	nummod	_	_
42	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	compound	_	_
43	goat	goat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exchange** | present · perfect · passive |  | the usual salutations |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | future | object | object's complaint |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent complaint=Product |
| 3 | **translate** | participle · passive | something | object's complaint |  |  |  |  | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 4 | **is a** | future | the interpreter | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **catch** *in a quote* | present | My father and father | one man goat and woman goat |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goat=Theme |
| 7 | **complain** |  | object |  |  |  |  |  | nom complaint «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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