---
title: One day in the rainy season when the native pear trees were covered… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: One day in the rainy season when the native pear trees were covered with fruit, Ori said to his friend let us climb up to the top of two of these pear trees, and when we are high up we can play at stoning one another. Who acts: Ori, us, we. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by 
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 2

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One day in the rainy season when the native pear trees were covered with fruit, Ori said to his friend let us climb up to the top of two of these pear trees, and when we are high up we can play at stoning one another.

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**Who acts:** Ori, us, we · **What happens:** cover, say, let, climb up, be, play · **To what, where:** native pear trees, us, top, one · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ori, us, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:12:2
# text = One day in the rainy season when the native pear trees were covered with fruit, Ori said to his friend let us climb up to the top of two of these pear trees, and when we are high up we can play at stoning one another.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rainy	rainy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	season	season	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	pear	pear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
17	Ori	Ori	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
22	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	ccomp	_	_
23	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	climb	climb	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	_
25	up	up	ADP	RP	_	24	compound:prt	_	_
26	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	28	nmod	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
32	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	34	det	_	_
33	pear	pear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	_
34	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
37	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	40	advmod	_	_
38	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	40	nsubj	_	_
39	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	40	cop	_	_
40	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	44	advmod	_	_
41	up	up	ADP	IN	_	44	mark	_	_
42	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	44	nsubj	_	_
43	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	44	aux	_	_
44	play	play	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	ccomp	_	_
45	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	46	mark	_	_
46	stoning	stone	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	44	advcl	_	_
47	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	46	obj	_	_
48	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	47	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the native pear trees |  |  |  | with fruit | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with fruit=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Ori |  |  |  | day |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **let** | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  | to Okuni's friend | tree rules |
| 4 | **climb up** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  | the top of two of this pear trees |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to top=Destination |
| 5 | **is** | present | we |  |  |  |  | high *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **play** | can | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **stone** | gerund | we *not said here* | one |  |  |  |  | vn pelt-17.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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