---
title: Having handed the glass back, it is filled and given to the chief’s… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Having handed the glass back, it is filled and given to the chief’s small boy, who stands behind him, to drink. Who acts: small boy. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., with its dependency tr
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident., sentence 64

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Having handed the glass back, it is filled and given to the chief’s small boy, who stands behind him, to drink.

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**Who acts:** small boy · **What happens:** hand back, fill, give, stand, drink · **To what, where:** glass, tombo

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xv.--what Happened At Okuni When Anyone Was Killed By Accident.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (small boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:12:65
# text = Having handed the glass back, it is filled and given to the chief’s small boy, who stands behind him, to drink.
1	Having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	aux	_	_
2	handed	hand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	filled	fill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	’s	's	PART	POS	_	14	case	_	_
16	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	acl:relcl	_	_
21	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	drink	drink	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hand back** | gerund · perfect |  | the glass |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Theme |
| 2 | **fill** | present · passive |  | tombo |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | the chief's small boy *obl:agent* | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **stand** | present | the chief's small boy |  |  |  |  | behind ammum | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent behind he=Location |
| 5 | **drink** | to-infinitive | the chief's small boy *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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