---
title: At the end of the day the elephant had killed five buck and the hawk… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: At the end of the day the elephant had killed five buck and the hawk three, but the crab had secured ten animals all much bigger than himself. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head., with 
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head., sentence 8

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At the end of the day the elephant had killed five buck and the hawk three, but the crab had secured ten animals all much bigger than himself.

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**What happens:** kill, secure · **To what, where:** elephant, end, crab

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xviii.--how the River Came Into Existence; Or, Why a Crab Has No Head.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:13:8
# text = At the end of the day the elephant had killed five buck and the hawk three, but the crab had secured ten animals all much bigger than himself.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	buck	buck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	hawk	hawk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
16	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	crab	crab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	secured	secure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	advcl	_	_
23	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	24	nummod	_	_
24	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
25	all	all	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	much	much	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	than	than	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past · perfect · passive |  | the elephant |  |  | at the end; day | five buck and the hawk *obj* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer buck=Result |
| 2 | **secure** | past · perfect · passive |  | the crab |  |  |  | ten animals *obj* | vn ensure-99 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary animal=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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