---
title: The people who had escaped from the drum’s inside each took one of h… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: The people who had escaped from the drum’s inside each took one of his bones and departed to their different towns, where they all made big wooden drums like the one which had swallowed them. Who acts: people, each, bones. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrel
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water., sentence 138

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The people who had escaped from the drum’s inside each took one of his bones and departed to their different towns, where they all made big wooden drums like the one which had swallowed them.

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**Who acts:** people, each, bones · **What happens:** escape, take, depart, make, swallow · **To what, where:** drum, one, different towns, big wooden drums, people

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, each, bones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:14:138
# text = The people who had escaped from the drum’s inside each took one of his bones and departed to their different towns, where they all made big wooden drums like the one which had swallowed them.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	escaped	escape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	drum	drum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	’s	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	nsubj	_	_
12	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	departed	depart	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
21	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	27	advmod	_	_
25	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	27	advmod	_	_
27	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
28	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
29	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	drums	drum	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
31	like	like	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
34	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	36	nsubj:pass	_	_
35	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
36	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	33	acl:relcl	_	_
37	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **escape** | past · perfect | the people |  |  | the drum |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from drum=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **take** | past | each | one of husband's bones |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme |
| 3 | **depart** | participle | each *not said here* |  |  | bones's different towns |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to town=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **make** | past | bones *= bone* | big wooden drums |  |  |  | like the one | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset drum=Product |
| 5 | **swallow** | past · perfect · passive |  | the one |  |  |  | bones *= bone* *obj* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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