---
title: The red-hot pot caused steam and mist to rise from the water, and it… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: The red-hot pot caused steam and mist to rise from the water, and it is still to be seen when the mornings are cold that mist rises from the river, and people say that this is caused by the red-hot pot which was placed over the shoulders of the wicked cripple when he was thrown into the water and th
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water., sentence 67

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The red-hot pot caused steam and mist to rise from the water, and it is still to be seen when the mornings are cold that mist rises from the river, and people say that this is caused by the red-hot pot which was placed over the shoulders of the wicked cripple when he was thrown into the water and the steam still continues to rise.

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**Who acts:** hot pot, steam, mornings, that, people, red hot pot · **What happens:** cause, rise, be, say, place, throw · **To what, where:** steam, water, pot, river, this, red hot pot · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xix.--why the Mist Rises From the Water.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hot pot, steam, mornings, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:14:67
# text = The red-hot pot caused steam and mist to rise from the water, and it is still to be seen when the mornings are cold that mist rises from the river, and people say that this is caused by the red-hot pot which was placed over the shoulders of the wicked cripple when he was thrown into the water and the steam still continues to rise.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pot	pot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	mist	mist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
19	still	still	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
21	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
23	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	27	mark	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	mornings	morning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
27	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	advcl	_	_
28	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	30	nsubj	_	_
29	mist	mist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	rises	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	parataxis	_	_
31	from	from	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
36	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nsubj	_	_
37	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
38	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	41	mark	_	_
39	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	41	nsubj	_	_
40	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	41	aux:pass	_	_
41	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	ccomp	_	_
42	by	by	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
44	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	44	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	pot	pot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	_
48	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	50	nsubj:pass	_	_
49	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	aux:pass	_	_
50	placed	place	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	47	acl:relcl	_	_
51	over	over	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
52	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
53	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	obl	_	_
54	of	of	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
55	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	57	det	_	_
56	wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	57	amod	_	_
57	cripple	cripple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	nmod	_	_
58	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	61	advmod	_	_
59	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	61	nsubj	_	_
60	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	61	aux:pass	_	_
61	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	50	advcl	_	_
62	into	into	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
63	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
64	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	61	obl	_	_
65	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	69	cc	_	_
66	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	67	det	_	_
67	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	69	nsubj	_	_
68	still	still	ADV	RB	_	69	advmod	_	_
69	continues	continue	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	61	conj	_	_
70	to	to	PART	TO	_	71	mark	_	_
71	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	69	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the hot pot | steam and mist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **rise** | to-infinitive | steam and mist *not said here* |  |  | the water |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from water=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **is** | present · passive |  | pot |  |  | still | see *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | present | the mornings |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **rise** | present | that |  |  | the river |  | mist *nsubj* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from river=Initial\_Location |
| 6 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | people |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **cause** | present · passive | the red hot pot | this |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |
| 8 | **place** | past · passive |  | the red hot pot |  | the shoulders of the wicked cripple |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme over shoulder=Destination |
| 9 | **throw** | past · passive |  | cripple |  |  |  | into the water *result* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: subject=Theme into water=Result |
| 10 | **continue** | present | the steam |  |  |  | still |  | vn continue-55.3 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 11 | **rise** | to-infinitive | the steam *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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