---
title: When he left Ikom, Oga was given more presents, and the chief lent h… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: When he left Ikom, Oga was given more presents, and the chief lent him a large canoe and some paddles to take him to Okuni, a town a little lower down the river on the other side. Who acts: Oga, chief. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bend
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 31

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When he left Ikom, Oga was given more presents, and the chief lent him a large canoe and some paddles to take him to Okuni, a town a little lower down the river on the other side.

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**Who acts:** Oga, chief · **What happens:** leave, give, lend, take · **To what, where:** Ikom, Oga, large canoe, Okuni, other side

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:18:31
# text = When he left Ikom, Oga was given more presents, and the chief lent him a large canoe and some paddles to take him to Okuni, a town a little lower down the river on the other side.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
4	Ikom	Ikom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
6	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	presents	present	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
16	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	22	det	_	_
22	paddles	paddle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
25	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	to	to	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	Okuni	Okuni	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	appos	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	obl:unmarked	_	_
33	lower	low	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	24	advmod	_	_
34	down	down	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
37	on	on	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | Oga | Ikom |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ikom=Theme |
| 2 | **give** | past · passive |  | Oga |  |  |  | more presents *obj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient present=Theme |
| 3 | **lend** | past | the chief | a large canoe and some paddles | Oga |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient canoe=Theme |
| 4 | **take** | to-infinitive | the chief *not said here* | Oga | Okuni | the other side |  | down the river; low *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme to okuni=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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