---
title: At each of these towns he received presents, and when he got to the… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: At each of these towns he received presents, and when he got to the next town, which is called ’Nporo Osilla, he crossed the big river again, and went through the Inde country, where all the people turned out to meet him, and when he left they gave Oga many yams and other presents, so that when he s
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 33

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At each of these towns he received presents, and when he got to the next town, which is called ’Nporo Osilla, he crossed the big river again, and went through the Inde country, where all the people turned out to meet him, and when he left they gave Oga many yams and other presents, so that when he started off for the next town, which is called Inkum, he had a large number of carriers carrying his loads, which by this time had become very numerous.

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**Who acts:** Oga, people, carriers · **What happens:** receive, get, call, cross, go, turn out · **To what, where:** presents, each, next town, big river, Inde country, Oga · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, people, carriers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:18:33
# text = At each of these towns he received presents, and when he got to the next town, which is called ’Nporo Osilla, he crossed the big river again, and went through the Inde country, where all the people turned out to meet him, and when he left they gave Oga many yams and other presents, so that when he started off for the next town, which is called Inkum, he had a large number of carriers carrying his loads, which by this time had become very numerous.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	obl	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	received	receive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	presents	present	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
11	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	advcl	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	’	'	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	Nporo	Nporo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	xcomp	_	_
24	Osilla	Osilla	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
31	again	again	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
35	through	through	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
37	Inde	Inde	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	_
38	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
40	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	44	advmod	_	_
41	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	43	det:predet	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	_
44	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	conj	_	_
45	out	out	ADP	RP	_	44	compound:prt	_	_
46	to	to	PART	TO	_	47	mark	_	_
47	meet	meet	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	44	xcomp	_	_
48	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	47	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	55	punct	_	_
50	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	55	cc	_	_
51	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	53	advmod	_	_
52	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	53	nsubj	_	_
53	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	55	advcl	_	_
54	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	55	nsubj	_	_
55	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	44	conj	_	_
56	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	58	compound	_	_
57	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	58	amod	_	_
58	yams	yam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	55	obj	_	_
59	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	61	cc	_	_
60	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	61	amod	_	_
61	presents	present	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	58	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	67	punct	_	_
63	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	67	mark	_	_
64	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	63	fixed	_	_
65	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	67	advmod	_	_
66	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	67	nsubj	_	_
67	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	55	conj	_	_
68	off	off	ADP	RP	_	67	compound:prt	_	_
69	for	for	ADP	IN	_	72	case	_	_
70	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	72	det	_	_
71	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	72	amod	_	_
72	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	67	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
73	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	76	punct	_	_
74	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	76	nsubj:pass	_	_
75	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	76	aux:pass	_	_
76	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	72	acl:relcl	_	_
77	Inkum	Inkum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	76	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
78	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	80	punct	_	_
79	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	80	nsubj	_	_
80	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
81	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	83	det	_	_
82	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	83	amod	_	_
83	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	80	obj	_	_
84	of	of	ADP	IN	_	85	case	_	_
85	carriers	carrier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	83	nmod	_	_
86	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	85	acl	_	_
87	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	88	nmod:poss	_	_
88	loads	load	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	86	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
89	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	95	punct	_	_
90	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	95	obj	_	_
91	by	by	ADP	IN	_	93	case	_	_
92	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	93	det	_	_
93	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	95	obl	_	_
94	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	95	aux	_	_
95	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	88	acl:relcl	_	_
96	very	very	ADV	RB	_	97	advmod	_	_
97	numerous	numerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	95	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
98	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **receive** | past | Oga | presents |  | each of this towns |  |  | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent present=Theme at each=Location |
| 2 | **get** | past | Oga |  |  |  |  | to the next town *result* | vn convert-26.6.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Patient to town=Result |
| 3 | **call** | present · passive |  | the next town |  |  |  | Nporo *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 4 | **cross** | past | Oga | the big river |  |  | again |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent river=Patient |
| 5 | **go** | past |  |  |  | the Inde country |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through country=Initial\_Location |
| 6 | **turn out** | past | all people |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **meet** | to-infinitive | all people *not said here* | Oga |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Co-Agent |
| 8 | **leave** | past | Oga |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 9 | **give** | past | people | Oga many yams and other presents |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent yam=Theme |
| 10 | **start off** | past | Oga |  |  |  |  | for the next town | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 11 | **call** | present · passive |  | the next town |  |  |  | Inkum *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 12 | **have** | past | Oga | a large number of carriers |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Patient |
| 13 | **carry** | gerund | carriers *not said here* | Oga's loads |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme |
| 14 | **become** | past · perfect |  | Oga's loads |  |  | time | numerous *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Patient which=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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