---
title: Unfortunately for Oga, the chief of Inkum had heard from Abang’s par… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Unfortunately for Oga, the chief of Inkum had heard from Abang’s parents that Oga had changed skins with their son and that he was travelling about the country collecting dashes in Abang’s name. Who acts: Oga, Abang. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 34

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Unfortunately for Oga, the chief of Inkum had heard from Abang’s parents that Oga had changed skins with their son and that he was travelling about the country collecting dashes in Abang’s name.

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**Who acts:** Oga, Abang · **What happens:** hear, change, travel, collect, name · **To what, where:** chief, skins, dashes, name

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:18:34
# text = Unfortunately for Oga, the chief of Inkum had heard from Abang’s parents that Oga had changed skins with their son and that he was travelling about the country collecting dashes in Abang’s name.
1	Unfortunately	unfortunately	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Inkum	Inkum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	acl:relcl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	Abang	Abang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	’s	's	PART	POS	_	12	case	_	_
14	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
16	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
19	skins	skin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
24	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
25	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	travelling	travel	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
28	about	about	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
31	collecting	collect	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	advcl	_	_
32	dashes	dash	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	obj	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
34	Abang	Abang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	36	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	’s	's	PART	POS	_	34	case	_	_
36	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past · perfect |  | the chief *not said here* |  |  |  | of Inkum; from Abang's parents | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.theme PP.source»: agent=Agent of inkum=Theme from parent=Source |
| 2 | **change** | past · perfect | Oga | skins |  |  |  | with chiefs's son | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent skin=Theme with son=Co-Agent |
| 3 | **travel** | past · progressive | Oga |  |  |  |  | about the country | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme about country=Trajectory |
| 4 | **collect** | gerund | Oga *not said here* | dashes |  | Abang's name |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dash=Theme |
| 6 | **name** |  | Abang |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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