---
title: When Oga arrived at the place where the people who had brought the p… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: When Oga arrived at the place where the people who had brought the play were resting in the shade of some large trees which grew by the side of the path, Abang stood up, and having thrown the Egbo dress on one side, he took off Oga’s skin and placed it on the ground, at the same time telling Oga to 
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 39

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When Oga arrived at the place where the people who had brought the play were resting in the shade of some large trees which grew by the side of the path, Abang stood up, and having thrown the Egbo dress on one side, he took off Oga’s skin and placed it on the ground, at the same time telling Oga to do the like.

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**Who acts:** Oga, people, large trees, Abang, same time · **What happens:** arrive, bring, rest, grow, stand up, throw · **To what, where:** place, people, shade, Egbo dress, one side, skin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, people, large trees, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:18:39
# text = When Oga arrived at the place where the people who had brought the play were resting in the shade of some large trees which grew by the side of the path, Abang stood up, and having thrown the Egbo dress on one side, he took off Oga’s skin and placed it on the ground, at the same time telling Oga to do the like.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	advcl	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	16	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl:relcl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	resting	rest	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	shade	shade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	23	det	_	_
22	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
24	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
25	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
26	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
33	Abang	Abang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nsubj	_	_
34	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
35	up	up	ADP	RP	_	34	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
38	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	39	aux	_	_
39	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	34	conj	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
41	Egbo	Egbo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	compound	_	_
42	dress	dress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obj	_	_
43	on	on	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	45	nummod	_	_
45	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
47	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	48	nsubj	_	_
48	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	parataxis	_	_
49	off	off	ADP	RP	_	48	compound:prt	_	_
50	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	52	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	’s	's	PART	POS	_	50	case	_	_
52	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	obj	_	_
53	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
54	placed	place	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	48	conj	_	_
55	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	54	obj	_	_
56	on	on	ADP	IN	_	58	case	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
59	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	63	punct	_	_
60	at	at	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
61	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	63	det	_	_
62	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	amod	_	_
63	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	obl	_	_
64	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	63	acl	_	_
65	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	64	obj	_	_
66	to	to	PART	TO	_	67	mark	_	_
67	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	64	xcomp	_	_
68	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	69	det	_	_
69	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	67	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
70	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	34	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | past | Oga |  |  | the place |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **bring** | past · perfect · passive |  | the people |  |  |  | the play *obj* | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Destination play=Theme |
| 3 | **rest** | past · progressive | the people |  |  | the shade of some large trees |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent in shade=Location |
| 4 | **grow** | past | some large trees |  |  |  |  | by the side of the path | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by side=Location |
| 5 | **stand up** | past | Abang |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **throw** | gerund · perfect | Abang *not said here* | the Egbo dress |  | one side |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent dress=Theme on side=Destination |
| 7 | **take off** | past | Oga | Oga's skin |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Theme |
| 8 | **place** | past | Oga *not said here* | dress |  | the ground | time |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme on ground=Destination |
| 9 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | the same time *not said here* |  | Oga |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent oga=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 10 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the same time *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 11 | **like** | infinitive | the same time *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 12 | **shade** |  |  | some large trees |  |  |  |  | nom shade «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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