---
title: At first Oga refused, and begged Abang not to shame him before all t… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: At first Oga refused, and begged Abang not to shame him before all the people, but Abang insisted upon having his own skin back again, so Oga was forced to exchange. Who acts: Oga, Abang. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men 
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1, sentence 40

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At first Oga refused, and begged Abang not to shame him before all the people, but Abang insisted upon having his own skin back again, so Oga was forced to exchange.

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**Who acts:** Oga, Abang · **What happens:** refuse, beg, not shame, insist, have, force · **To what, where:** Abang, Oga, own skin

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oga, Abang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:18:40
# text = At first Oga refused, and begged Abang not to shame him before all the people, but Abang insisted upon having his own skin back again, so Oga was forced to exchange.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	obl	_	_
3	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	refused	refuse	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	begged	beg	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	Abang	Abang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	shame	shame	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
12	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	before	before	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	16	det:predet	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	Abang	Abang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	insisted	insist	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
21	upon	upon	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
22	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	_
23	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
24	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	back	back	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	again	again	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
29	so	so	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
30	Oga	Oga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
31	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	aux:pass	_	_
32	forced	force	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
33	to	to	PART	TO	_	34	mark	_	_
34	exchange	exchange	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refuse** | past | Oga |  |  |  |  |  | vn reject-77.2 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **beg** *speech: request* | past | Oga *not said here* |  | Abang |  |  |  | vn beg-58.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent abang=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **shame** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Oga *not said here* | Oga |  |  | before all people |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus he=Experiencer |
| 4 | **insist** *speech: other* | past | Abang |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **have** | gerund | Abang *not said here* | Oga's own skin |  |  | again |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient |
| 6 | **force** | past · passive |  | Oga |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 7 | **exchange** | to-infinitive | Oga *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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