---
title: The hare then said, “We have all passed through the same ju-ju and h… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: The hare then said, “We have all passed through the same ju-ju and had our tails cut off; look and see.” Who acts: hare, tails. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, with its dependency tree and t
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, sentence 69

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The hare then said, “We have all passed through the same ju-ju and had our tails cut off; look and see.”

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**Who acts:** hare, tails · **What happens:** say, pass, have, cut off, look, see · **To what, where:** We, same ju ju · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hare, tails), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:19:69
# text = The hare then said, “We have all passed through the same ju-ju and had our tails cut off; look and see.”
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hare	hare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	all	all	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	ccomp	_	_
11	through	through	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
13	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
14	ju	ju	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	ju	ju	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
19	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	tails	tail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj	_	_
21	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	xcomp	_	_
22	off	off	ADP	RP	_	21	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	see	see	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the hare |  |  |  | then |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **pass** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | We |  | the same ju ju |  | all *property* | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: subject=Theme through ju=Destination |
| 3 | **have** *in a quote* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cut off** *in a quote* | participle | our tails |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 5 | **look** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 6 | **see** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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