---
title: XXVII.--HOW A CRUEL INKUM CHIEF WAS POISONED BY HIS SLAVES, AND HOW… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: XXVII.--HOW A CRUEL INKUM CHIEF WAS POISONED BY HIS SLAVES, AND HOW HIS SON HANGED HIMSELF ON ACCOUNT OF THE EXPENSES OF HIS BROTHER’S FUNERAL. Who acts: SLAVES, HIS. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins.,
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2, sentence 79

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XXVII.--HOW A CRUEL INKUM CHIEF WAS POISONED BY HIS SLAVES, AND HOW HIS SON HANGED HIMSELF ON ACCOUNT OF THE EXPENSES OF HIS BROTHER’S FUNERAL.

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**Who acts:** SLAVES, HIS · **What happens:** poison, hange, account · **To what, where:** CRUEL INKUM CHIEF, HIS, ACCOUNT, EXPENSES

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 2. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (SLAVES, HIS), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:19:79
# text = XXVII.--HOW A CRUEL INKUM CHIEF WAS POISONED BY HIS SLAVES, AND HOW HIS SON HANGED HIMSELF ON ACCOUNT OF THE EXPENSES OF HIS BROTHER’S FUNERAL.
1	XXVII	xxvii	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	HOW	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
5	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	CRUEL	cruel	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	INKUM	INKUM	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	CHIEF	CHIEF	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	WAS	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	POISONED	poison	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	BY	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	HIS	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	SLAVES	slave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	AND	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	HOW	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	19	advmod	_	_
17	HIS	HIS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
18	SON	SON	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
19	HANGED	hange	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
20	HIMSELF	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	19	obj	_	_
21	ON	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	ACCOUNT	account	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	OF	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	THE	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	EXPENSES	expense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
26	OF	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
27	HIS	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	BROTHER	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	’S	's	PART	POS	_	28	case	_	_
30	FUNERAL	funeral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **poison** | past · passive | hare's SLAVES | a CRUEL INKUM CHIEF |  |  |  | XXVII *obl* | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **hange** | past | HIS | HIS |  | ACCOUNT of the EXPENSES of hare's BROTHER's FUNERAL |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **account** |  |  | the EXPENSES of hare's BROTHER's FUNERAL |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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