---
title: He then had her tied up to a tree, and she was given fifty lashes, t… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: He then had her tied up to a tree, and she was given fifty lashes, the blood running down her back on to the ground, the woman becoming unconscious from the pain. Who acts: Chief, blood, woman. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Youn
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3, sentence 12

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He then had her tied up to a tree, and she was given fifty lashes, the blood running down her back on to the ground, the woman becoming unconscious from the pain.

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**Who acts:** Chief, blood, woman · **What happens:** have, tie up, give, run down, become · **To what, where:** Erim, back, ground, unconscious, pain

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chief, blood, woman), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:20:12
# text = He then had her tied up to a tree, and she was given fifty lashes, the blood running down her back on to the ground, the woman becoming unconscious from the pain.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	xcomp	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
15	fifty	fifty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	lashes	lash	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	down	down	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	on	on	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj	_	_
31	becoming	become	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	acl	_	_
32	unconscious	unconscious	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	xcomp	_	_
33	from	from	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Chief |  |  |  | then |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tie up** | participle | Chief *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to a tree; Erim *nmod:poss* | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to tree=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **give** | past · passive |  | Erim |  |  |  | fifty lashes  the blood *obj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient lash=Theme |
| 4 | **run down** | gerund | the blood *not said here* | Erim's back |  | the ground |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent back=Theme on ground=Trajectory |
| 5 | **become** | gerund | the woman | unconscious |  | the pain |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Patient lash=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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