---
title: By this time many people had arrived to watch the race, and soon the… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: By this time many people had arrived to watch the race, and soon the bush buck joined the frog, and the signal to start having been given they both jumped off together. Who acts: many people, bush buck, people. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4, sentence 38

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By this time many people had arrived to watch the race, and soon the bush buck joined the frog, and the signal to start having been given they both jumped off together.

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**Who acts:** many people, bush buck, people · **What happens:** arrive, watch, join, start, give, jump off · **To what, where:** race, frog, signal

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xxv.--how Two Bendega Young Men Changed Their Skins., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many people, bush buck, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:21:38
# text = By this time many people had arrived to watch the race, and soon the bush buck joined the frog, and the signal to start having been given they both jumped off together.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	watch	watch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	18	advmod	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	buck	buck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	signal	signal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	advcl	_	_
27	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	29	aux	_	_
28	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	aux:pass	_	_
29	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
30	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
31	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	32	nsubj	_	_
32	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	conj	_	_
33	off	off	ADP	RP	_	32	compound:prt	_	_
34	together	together	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | past · perfect | many people |  |  |  | time |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **watch** | to-infinitive | many people *not said here* | the race |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Theme |
| 3 | **join** | past | the bush buck | the frog |  |  |  | soon *property* | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frog=Patient |
| 4 | **start** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 5 | **give** | gerund · perfect · passive |  | the signal |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 6 | **jump off** | past | people |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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