---
title: Perceived typographical errors have been changed. — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Perceived typographical errors have been changed. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound., sentence 36

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Perceived typographical errors have been changed.

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**What happens:** perceive, change · **To what, where:** typographical errors

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Fig. 2.--chief Indoma’s Compound.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:29:36
# text = Perceived typographical errors have been changed.
1	Perceived	perceive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	typographical	typographical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	errors	error	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **perceive** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **change** | present · perfect · passive |  | typographical errors |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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