---
title: So he made a big fire and put the meat on, and then covered it all o… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: So he made a big fire and put the meat on, and then covered it all over with the rubber he had brought back with him from the bush. Who acts: animal. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., with
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., sentence 46

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So he made a big fire and put the meat on, and then covered it all over with the rubber he had brought back with him from the bush.

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**Who acts:** animal · **What happens:** make, put on, cover, bring back · **To what, where:** big fire, meat, rubber, bush

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (animal), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:4:46
# text = So he made a big fire and put the meat on, and then covered it all over with the rubber he had brought back with him from the bush.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	_
15	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	all	all	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	over	over	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	rubber	rubber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
22	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	acl:relcl	_	_
25	back	back	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
26	with	with	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obl	_	_
28	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | animal | a big fire |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Product |
| 2 | **put on** | infinitive | animal *not said here* | the meat |  |  |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent meat=Goal |
| 3 | **cover** | past | animal *not said here* | meat |  |  | then | with the rubber; over *property* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Destination with rubber=Theme |
| 4 | **bring back** | past · perfect | animal | the rubber *not said here* |  | the bush |  | with tortoise | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent rubber=Theme from bush=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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