---
title: This is one of their old stories, which they brought with them when… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: This is one of their old stories, which they brought with them when they were driven south by the Awala tribe, and is still handed on from one generation to another. Who acts: This, people, Awala tribe. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning 
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/77/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/) / [Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tor…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/) / 77

# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell., sentence 77

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This is one of their old stories, which they brought with them when they were driven south by the Awala tribe, and is still handed on from one generation to another.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** This, people, Awala tribe · **What happens:** be, bring, drive, hand on · **To what, where:** one, old stories, people, one generation

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (This, people, Awala tribe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:4:78
# text = This is one of their old stories, which they brought with them when they were driven south by the Awala tribe, and is still handed on from one generation to another.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obj	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	_
14	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	_
18	south	south	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	Awala	Awala	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	tribe	tribe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
26	still	still	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	handed	hand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
28	on	on	ADP	RP	_	27	compound:prt	_	_
29	from	from	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
31	generation	generation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | This | one |  |  |  | of people's old stories | tree rules |
| 2 | **bring** | past | people | people's old stories |  |  |  | with stories *= story* | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent which=Theme |
| 3 | **drive** | past · passive | the Awala tribe | people |  |  |  | south *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme subject=Trajectory |
| 4 | **hand on** | present · passive | This *not said here* |  |  |  | from one generation; still | to another | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: from generation=Initial\_Location to another=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 76](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/76/)
- next →: [sentence 78](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/78/)
- ↑ back to [Ii.--the Cunning Hare; Or, Why the Tortoise Has a Patched Shell.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/4/)