---
title: Now, Chief Leku was a hunter, and made his living by killing animals… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Now, Chief Leku was a hunter, and made his living by killing animals (bush cows, buck, and kobs) and selling their meat. Who acts: Chief, hunter. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., with it
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., sentence 67

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Now, Chief Leku was a hunter, and made his living by killing animals (bush cows, buck, and kobs) and selling their meat.

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**Who acts:** Chief, hunter · **What happens:** be, make, kill, sell, live · **To what, where:** hunter, living, animals, meat

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chief, hunter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:5:67
# text = Now, Chief Leku was a hunter, and made his living by killing animals (bush cows, buck, and kobs) and selling their meat.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	Chief	Chief	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	Leku	Leku	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hunter	hunter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
15	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	buck	buck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	kobs	kob	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	selling	sell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Chief | a hunter |  |  |  | kobs *appos* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | past | a hunter *not said here* | Chief's living |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset living=Product |
| 3 | **kill** | gerund | a hunter *not said here* | animals and bush cows and buck |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Theme |
| 4 | **sell** | gerund | Chief *not said here* | kobs's meat |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meat=Theme |
| 5 | **live** |  | Chief |  |  |  |  |  | nom living «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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