--- title: When they were young, a ju-ju was made for them, and certain leaves… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics description: When they were young, a ju-ju was made for them, and certain leaves were mashed up and rubbed on their noses, which gave them very strong smelling powers, and they could follow wounded animals in the bush, which was most useful to Chief Leku. Who acts: animals, bush. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/69/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/) / [Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/) / 69 # Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again., sentence 69 When they were young, a ju-ju was made for them, and certain leaves were mashed up and rubbed on their noses, which gave them very strong smelling powers, and they could follow wounded animals in the bush, which was most useful to Chief Leku. **Who acts:** animals, bush · **What happens:** be, make, mash up, rub, give, follow · **To what, where:** ju, certain leaves, noses, strong smelling powers, animals, wounded animals This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (animals, bush), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg70959:5:69 # text = When they were young, a ju-ju was made for them, and certain leaves were mashed up and rubbed on their noses, which gave them very strong smelling powers, and they could follow wounded animals in the bush, which was most useful to Chief Leku. 1 When when ADV WRB PronType=Int 4 advmod _ _ 2 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _ 3 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 4 young young ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 5 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 ju ju NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 nsubj:pass _ SpaceAfter=No 8 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 9 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 9 ju ju PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 appos _ _ 10 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux:pass _ _ 11 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 parataxis _ _ 12 for for ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 14 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 16 certain certain ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 leaves leaf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj:pass _ _ 18 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 19 aux:pass _ _ 19 mashed mash VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 conj _ _ 20 up up ADP RP _ 19 compound:prt _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 22 rubbed rub VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 conj _ _ 23 on on ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 25 nmod:poss _ _ 25 noses nose NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 26 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 27 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 28 nsubj _ _ 28 gave give VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 19 conj _ _ 29 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 iobj _ _ 30 very very ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 31 strong strong ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 amod _ _ 32 smelling smelling NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 compound _ _ 33 powers power NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 34 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 36 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nsubj _ _ 37 could could AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 38 aux _ _ 38 follow follow VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 28 advcl _ _ 39 wounded wounded ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 40 amod _ _ 40 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 obj _ _ 41 in in ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 bush bush NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 44 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 45 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 48 nsubj _ _ 46 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 48 cop _ _ 47 most most ADV RBS Degree=Sup 48 advmod _ _ 48 useful useful ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 conj _ _ 49 to to ADP IN _ 50 case _ _ 50 Chief Chief PROPN NNP Number=Sing 48 obl _ _ 51 Leku Leku PROPN NNP Number=Sing 50 flat _ SpaceAfter=No 52 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | past | animals *= animal* | | | | | young *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **make** | past · passive | | a ju | | | | for animals *= animal* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for they=Asset | | 3 | **mash up** | past · passive | | certain leaves | | | | | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | | 4 | **rub** | participle | | | | animals's noses | | | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on nose=Destination | | 5 | **give** | past | | strong smelling powers | animals *= animal* | | | which *nsubj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient power=Theme | | 6 | **follow** | could | animals *= animal* | wounded animals | | the bush | | | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent animal=Theme in bush=Trajectory | | 7 | **is** | past | the bush | | Chief | | | useful *property* | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 68](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/68/) - next →: [sentence 70](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/70/) - ↑ back to [Iv.--how Elili of Inkum Died, and Was Brought Back to Life Again.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/5/)