---
title: When the little girl, whose name was Essere, saw that her mother had… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: When the little girl, whose name was Essere, saw that her mother had gone, she began to cry, but Mossim said, “Do not cry. Who acts: name, little girl, mother, Mossim. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Vii.--how Two Friends Fell Out: the Spider and the G
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Vii.--how Two Friends Fell Out: the Spider and the Grasshopper., sentence 81

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When the little girl, whose name was Essere, saw that her mother had gone, she began to cry, but Mossim said, “Do not cry.

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**Who acts:** name, little girl, mother, Mossim, Essere · **What happens:** be, see, go, begin, cry, say · **To what, where:** Essere · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Vii.--how Two Friends Fell Out: the Spider and the Grasshopper.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (name, little girl, mother, Mossim), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:6:81
# text = When the little girl, whose name was Essere, saw that her mother had gone, she began to cry, but Mossim said, “Do not cry.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	Essere	Essere	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
13	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
18	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	Mossim	Mossim	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
25	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
27	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
29	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	30	advmod	_	_
30	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Essere's name | Essere |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | past | the little girl |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **go** | past · perfect | girl's mother |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **begin** | past | mother |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 5 | **cry** *speech: express* | to-infinitive | mother *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mossim |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **not** **cry** *speech: express* *in a quote* | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 8 | **name** |  | Essere |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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