---
title: When the boys had finished tying up their companion, they looked rou… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: When the boys had finished tying up their companion, they looked round very carefully to see whether anyone was watching them, but, finding there was no one about, they carried Ogor out into the river, and threw him into the water where it was deep, and he sank at once. Who acts: boys, anyone, one, 
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 120

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When the boys had finished tying up their companion, they looked round very carefully to see whether anyone was watching them, but, finding there was no one about, they carried Ogor out into the river, and threw him into the water where it was deep, and he sank at once.

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**Who acts:** boys, anyone, one, tie, Ogor · **What happens:** finish, tie up, look round, see, watch, find · **To what, where:** boys, companion, Ogor, river, water · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boys, anyone, one, tie), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:120
# text = When the boys had finished tying up their companion, they looked round very carefully to see whether anyone was watching them, but, finding there was no one about, they carried Ogor out into the river, and threw him into the water where it was deep, and he sank at once.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	advcl	_	_
6	tying	tie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	companion	companion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	round	round	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	very	very	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
18	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
19	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	21	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	advcl	_	_
22	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	finding	find	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	_
27	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	28	expl	_	_
28	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	ccomp	_	_
29	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	30	det	_	_
30	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
31	about	about	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
35	Ogor	Ogor	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	_
36	out	out	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
37	into	into	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	conj	_	_
43	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	42	obj	_	_
44	into	into	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obl	_	_
47	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	50	advmod	_	_
48	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	50	nsubj	_	_
49	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	50	cop	_	_
50	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	54	cc	_	_
53	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	54	nsubj	_	_
54	sank	sink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
55	at	at	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	54	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **finish** | past · perfect · passive |  | the boys |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tie up** | gerund |  | boys's companion |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent companion=Patient |
| 3 | **look round** | past | boys *= boy* |  |  |  |  | carefully, round *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 4 | **see** | to-infinitive | boys *= boy* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **watch** | past · progressive | anyone | boys *= boy* |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 6 | **find** | gerund | boys *= boy* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 7 | **be** | past | no one |  |  | there |  | about *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **carry out** | past | boys *= boy* | Ogor |  | the river |  | out *property* | vn act-114 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ogor=Eventuality |
| 9 | **throw** | past | boys *= boy* *not said here* | Ogor |  |  |  | into the water *result* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer he=Theme into water=Result |
| 10 | **is** | past | tie |  |  |  |  | deep *property* | tree rules |
| 11 | **sink** | past | Ogor |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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