--- title: So he stood up and said that Ogor, the son of Omegha, had been throw… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics description: So he stood up and said that Ogor, the son of Omegha, had been thrown into the river by his companions, they having first tied him up and fastened a heavy stone to him to make him sink. Who acts: porcupine, companions, people. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Da --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/140/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/) / [Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inku…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/) / 140 # Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 140 So he stood up and said that Ogor, the son of Omegha, had been thrown into the river by his companions, they having first tied him up and fastened a heavy stone to him to make him sink. **Who acts:** porcupine, companions, people · **What happens:** stand up, say, throw, have, tie up, fasten · **To what, where:** Ogor, river, porcupine, heavy stone · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (porcupine, companions, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg70959:7:140 # text = So he stood up and said that Ogor, the son of Omegha, had been thrown into the river by his companions, they having first tied him up and fastened a heavy stone to him to make him sink. 1 So so ADV RB _ 3 advmod _ _ 2 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 stood stand VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 up up ADP RP _ 3 compound:prt _ _ 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 6 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 7 that that SCONJ IN _ 17 mark _ _ 8 Ogor Ogor PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 nsubj:pass _ SpaceAfter=No 9 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 son son NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 appos _ _ 12 of of ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 13 Omegha Omegha PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 14 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _ 15 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 aux _ _ 16 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 17 aux:pass _ _ 17 thrown throw VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 ccomp _ _ 18 into into ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 river river NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obl _ _ 21 by by ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ _ 23 companions companion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 17 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 24 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 25 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ _ 26 having have VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 3 advcl _ _ 27 first first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 28 advmod _ _ 28 tied tie VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 26 advcl _ _ 29 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 obj _ _ 30 up up ADP RP _ 28 compound:prt _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 32 fastened fasten VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 33 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 34 heavy heavy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 stone stone NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 obj _ _ 36 to to ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 37 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 obl _ _ 38 to to PART TO _ 39 mark _ _ 39 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 32 advcl _ _ 40 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 obj _ _ 41 sink sink VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 39 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No 42 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **stand up** | past | porcupine | | | | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | porcupine *not said here* | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 3 | **throw** | past · perfect · passive | porcupine's companions | Ogor | | | | into the river *result* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer subject=Theme into river=Result | | 4 | **have** | gerund | people | | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **tie up** | past | people *not said here* | porcupine | | | | first *property* | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Patient | | 6 | **fasten** | past | porcupine *not said here* | a heavy stone | porcupine | | | | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent stone=Patient to he=Co-Patient | | 7 | **make** | to-infinitive | porcupine *not said here* | porcupine | | | | | tree rules | | 8 | **sink** | infinitive | porcupine *not said here* | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 139](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/139/) - next →: [sentence 141](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/141/) - ↑ back to [Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/)