---
title: He pointed them all out, and told the chiefs which of the boys had t… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: He pointed them all out, and told the chiefs which of the boys had tied him up and those who had carried him and thrown him into the river. Who acts: Ogor. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., with its d
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 143

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He pointed them all out, and told the chiefs which of the boys had tied him up and those who had carried him and thrown him into the river.

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**Who acts:** Ogor · **What happens:** point out, tell, tie up, carry, throw · **To what, where:** people, chiefs, Ogor, those, river · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ogor), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:143
# text = He pointed them all out, and told the chiefs which of the boys had tied him up and those who had carried him and thrown him into the river.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pointed	point	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	nmod:unmarked	_	_
5	out	out	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	iobj	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
15	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	ccomp	_	_
17	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	up	up	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
20	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
22	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
24	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	conj	_	_
27	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obj	_	_
28	into	into	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **point out** | past | Ogor | people |  |  |  | out *property* | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | Ogor *not said here* |  | the chiefs |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent chief=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **tie up** | past · perfect |  | Ogor |  |  |  | of the boys; which *obj* | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP ADJP»: agent=Agent which=Patient he=Result |
| 4 | **carry** | past · perfect · passive |  | those |  |  |  | who *nsubj:pass*; Ogor *obj* | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary he=Value |
| 5 | **throw** | participle |  | Ogor |  |  |  | into the river *result* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer he=Theme into river=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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