--- title: Ever since that time, the people of Inkum believe, when anyone is dr… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics description: Ever since that time, the people of Inkum believe, when anyone is drowned and his body floats after three days without being eaten by the fish or crocodiles, that the water ju-ju has killed the dead man because he had done some evil thing. Who acts: people, body, fish, Chief. A sentence of «Ikom fol --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/166/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/) / [Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inku…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/) / 166 # Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 166 Ever since that time, the people of Inkum believe, when anyone is drowned and his body floats after three days without being eaten by the fish or crocodiles, that the water ju-ju has killed the dead man because he had done some evil thing. **Who acts:** people, body, fish, Chief · **What happens:** believe, drown, float, eat, kill, do · **To what, where:** anyone, ju ju, evil thing This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, body, fish, Chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg70959:7:166 # text = Ever since that time, the people of Inkum believe, when anyone is drowned and his body floats after three days without being eaten by the fish or crocodiles, that the water ju-ju has killed the dead man because he had done some evil thing. 1 Ever ever ADV RB PronType=Ind 2 advmod _ _ 2 since since ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 3 that that DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 det _ _ 4 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 5 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 10 nsubj _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 Inkum Inkum PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nmod _ _ 10 believe believe VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 11 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 12 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 15 advmod _ _ 13 anyone anyone PRON NN Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 15 nsubj:pass _ _ 14 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 aux:pass _ _ 15 drowned drown VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 10 parataxis _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 17 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ _ 18 body body NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 19 floats float VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 20 after after ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 three three NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 22 nummod _ _ 22 days day NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl _ _ 23 without without SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 24 being be AUX VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 25 aux:pass _ _ 25 eaten eat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 advcl _ _ 26 by by ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 fish fish NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 obl _ _ 29 or or CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 30 crocodiles crocodile NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 31 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 32 that that SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 compound _ _ 35 ju ju NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 36 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 35 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 37 ju ju NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj:pass _ _ 38 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 aux _ _ 39 killed kill VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 25 conj _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 41 dead dead ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ _ 42 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obj _ _ 43 because because SCONJ IN _ 46 mark _ _ 44 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 nsubj _ _ 45 had have AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 46 aux _ _ 46 done do VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 39 advcl _ _ 47 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 49 det _ _ 48 evil evil ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 49 amod _ _ 49 thing thing NOUN NN Number=Sing 46 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 50 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **believe** | present | the people of Inkum | | | | time | | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer | | 2 | **drown** | present · passive | | anyone | | | | | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | | 3 | **float** | present | Chief's body | | | | day | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **eat** | gerund · passive | the fish or crocodiles | | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **kill** | present · perfect · passive | | ju ju | | | | the dead man *obj* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer man=Result | | 6 | **do** | past · perfect | Chief | some evil thing | | | | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 165](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/165/) - next →: [sentence 167](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/167/) - ↑ back to [Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg70959/7/)