---
title: Both these chiefs were under Chief Indoma of Inkum. — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Both these chiefs were under Chief Indoma of Inkum. Who acts: chiefs. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 3

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Both these chiefs were under Chief Indoma of Inkum.

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**Who acts:** chiefs · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** Chief

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:3
# text = Both these chiefs were under Chief Indoma of Inkum.
1	Both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc:preconj	_	_
2	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Chief	Chief	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	Indoma	Indoma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Inkum	Inkum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | this chiefs |  |  | Chief |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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