---
title: They then armed themselves with bows and arrows, stones, and short h… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: They then armed themselves with bows and arrows, stones, and short heavy throwing sticks sharp at both ends, so that one end or the other would stick into their enemies. Who acts: people, short heavy throwing, one end. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, I
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 48

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They then armed themselves with bows and arrows, stones, and short heavy throwing sticks sharp at both ends, so that one end or the other would stick into their enemies.

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**Who acts:** people, short heavy throwing, one end · **What happens:** arm, stick · **To what, where:** people, enemies

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, short heavy throwing, one end), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:48
# text = They then armed themselves with bows and arrows, stones, and short heavy throwing sticks sharp at both ends, so that one end or the other would stick into their enemies.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	armed	arm	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	bows	bow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	throwing	throwing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	sticks	stick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
17	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	20	det	_	_
20	ends	end	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
22	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
23	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	25	nummod	_	_
25	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
26	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	conj	_	_
29	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	stick	stick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	conj	_	_
31	into	into	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arm** | past | people | people |  |  | then | with bows and arrows and stones | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: agent=Agent themselves=Recipient with bow=Theme |
| 2 | **stick** | present | short heavy throwing |  |  |  |  | sharp *property* | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **stick** | would | one end |  |  | people's enemies |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into enemy=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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