---
title: He was then staked securely to the ground, and a heavy wooden drum w… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: He was then staked securely to the ground, and a heavy wooden drum was placed upon his stomach and was beaten with sticks while the fighters were dancing. Who acts: fighters. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and E
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 57

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He was then staked securely to the ground, and a heavy wooden drum was placed upon his stomach and was beaten with sticks while the fighters were dancing.

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**Who acts:** fighters · **What happens:** stake, place, beat, dance · **To what, where:** dance, heavy wooden drum, stomach

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fighters), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:57
# text = He was then staked securely to the ground, and a heavy wooden drum was placed upon his stomach and was beaten with sticks while the fighters were dancing.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
4	staked	stake	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	securely	securely	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	drum	drum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	placed	place	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
17	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	beaten	beat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
25	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	fighters	fighter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj	_	_
28	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	dancing	dance	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stake** | past · passive |  | dance |  |  | then | securely *property* | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **place** | past · passive |  | a heavy wooden drum |  | dance's stomach |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: subject=Theme upon stomach=Destination |
| 3 | **beat** | past · passive |  |  |  |  |  | with sticks | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: with stick=Theme |
| 4 | **dance** | past · progressive | the fighters |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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