---
title: X.--HOW AN INKUM BOY WAS DROWNED BY HIS COMPANIONS AND HOW THEY WERE… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: X.--HOW AN INKUM BOY WAS DROWNED BY HIS COMPANIONS AND HOW THEY WERE PUNISHED. Who acts: COMPANIONS. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop., sentence 88

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X.--HOW AN INKUM BOY WAS DROWNED BY HIS COMPANIONS AND HOW THEY WERE PUNISHED.

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**Who acts:** COMPANIONS · **What happens:** drown, punish · **To what, where:** AN, COMPANIONS, X

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Ix.--the Story of the War Between Inkum and Enfitop.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (COMPANIONS), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:7:88
# text = X.--HOW AN INKUM BOY WAS DROWNED BY HIS COMPANIONS AND HOW THEY WERE PUNISHED.
1	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	HOW	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	AN	an	X	GW	_	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	INKUM	INKUM	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	BOY	BOY	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
8	WAS	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	DROWNED	drown	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
10	BY	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	HIS	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	COMPANIONS	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	AND	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
14	HOW	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
15	THEY	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	WERE	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	PUNISHED	punish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drown** | past · passive | Inkum's COMPANIONS | AN |  |  |  | INKUM *nsubj:pass* | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **punish** | past · passive |  | COMPANIONS *= companion* |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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