---
title: Directly this had been done, it became light at once, and all the wi… — Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria · tree and pragmatics
description: Directly this had been done, it became light at once, and all the witches were discovered naked, and at once started screaming and running away, trying to hide. Who acts: way. A sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Canni
---

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# Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism., sentence 82

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Directly this had been done, it became light at once, and all the witches were discovered naked, and at once started screaming and running away, trying to hide.

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**Who acts:** way · **What happens:** do, become, discover, start, scream, run away · **To what, where:** this, witches

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This is a sentence of «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Xii.--concerning the Okuni Witches and Cannibalism.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (way), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg70959:9:82
# text = Directly this had been done, it became light at once, and all the witches were discovered naked, and at once started screaming and running away, trying to hide.
1	Directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	light	light	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	16	det:predet	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	witches	witch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	discovered	discover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
19	naked	naked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	at	at	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	24	obl	_	_
24	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
25	screaming	scream	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	xcomp	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	25	conj	_	_
28	away	away	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
30	trying	try	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	25	conj	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	hide	hide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past · perfect · passive |  | this |  |  |  | directly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 2 | **become** | past | way |  |  |  |  | light *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **discover** | past · passive |  | all witches |  |  |  | naked *property* | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 4 | **start** | past | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 5 | **scream** *speech: express* | gerund | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **run away** | gerund | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **try** | gerund | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 8 | **hide** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Ikom folk stories from Southern Nigeria» by Elphinstone Dayrell, Project Gutenberg book 70959 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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