---
title: This tortoise must have made friends with the wild ducks; and they m… — Indian Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: This tortoise must have made friends with the wild ducks; and they must have made him bite hold of the stick, and have flown up into the air to take him to the hills. Who acts: ducks, Tortoise. A sentence of «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Demon With Matted Hair " 196, part 11, with its depen
---

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# Indian Fairy Tales, Demon With Matted Hair " 196, part 11, sentence 67

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This tortoise must have made friends with the wild ducks; and they must have made him bite hold of the stick, and have flown up into the air to take him to the hills.

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**Who acts:** ducks, Tortoise · **What happens:** make, bite, fly up, take, hold · **To what, where:** tortoise, hold, air, hills, stick

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This is a sentence of «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Demon With Matted Hair " 196, part 11. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ducks, Tortoise), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg7128:17:67
# text = This tortoise must have made friends with the wild ducks; and they must have made him bite hold of the stick, and have flown up into the air to take him to the hills.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	tortoise	tortoise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	xcomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	wild	wild	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	ducks	duck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	aux	_	_
16	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
17	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	bite	bite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	hold	hold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	flown	fly	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
27	up	up	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
28	into	into	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	advcl	_	_
33	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | must · perfect · passive |  | this tortoise |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **make** | must · perfect | ducks *= duck* | Tortoise |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **bite** | infinitive | Tortoise *not said here* | hold of the stick |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hold=Patient |
| 4 | **fly up** | present · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | into the air *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into air=Result |
| 5 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | Tortoise |  | the hills |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme to hill=Destination |
| 6 | **hold** |  |  | the stick |  |  |  |  | nom hold «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Project Gutenberg book 7128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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