---
title: They were borrowed from one nation to the other, and till we have re… — Indian Fairy Tales · tree and pragmatics
description: They were borrowed from one nation to the other, and till we have reason shown to the contrary, the original lender was a Hindu. Who acts: original lender. A sentence of «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, IV. Punchkin., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Indian Fairy Tales, IV. Punchkin., sentence 26

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They were borrowed from one nation to the other, and till we have reason shown to the contrary, the original lender was a Hindu.

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**Who acts:** original lender · **What happens:** borrow, show, be · **To what, where:** convolutions, one nation, contrary, Hindu

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This is a sentence of «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, IV. Punchkin.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (original lender), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg7128:35:26
# text = They were borrowed from one nation to the other, and till we have reason shown to the contrary, the original lender was a Hindu.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	nation	nation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
12	till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
13	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
16	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	contrary	contrary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	original	original	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	lender	lender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
24	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	Hindu	Hindu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | past · passive |  | convolutions *= convolution* |  | one nation |  | to the other | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from nation=Source |
| 2 | **show** | present · perfect |  |  | the contrary |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient how S»: agent=Agent to contrary=Recipient |
| 3 | **is a** | past | the original lender | a Hindu |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Indian Fairy Tales» by Joseph Jacobs, Project Gutenberg book 7128 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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