---
title: These stories display their imaginative faculties; they are guides t… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: These stories display their imaginative faculties; they are guides to the nature of the religious belief, of the form of government, of the marriage customs, in short, of much that relates to both the inner and the outer life of those by whom they are told. Who acts: stories, that. A sentence of «Ka
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 13

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These stories display their imaginative faculties; they are guides to the nature of the religious belief, of the form of government, of the marriage customs, in short, of much that relates to both the inner and the outer life of those by whom they are told.

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**Who acts:** stories, that · **What happens:** display, be, relate, tell, form · **To what, where:** imaginative faculties, guides, stories, government · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:13
# text = These stories display their imaginative faculties; they are guides to the nature of the religious belief, of the form of government, of the marriage customs, in short, of much that relates to both the inner and the outer life of those by whom they are told.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	display	display	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	imaginative	imaginative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	faculties	faculty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	guides	guide	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	belief	belief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	marriage	marriage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	customs	custom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	obl	_	_
35	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	36	nsubj	_	_
36	relates	relate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
37	to	to	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc:preconj	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	inner	inner	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	obl	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
43	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	conj	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	44	nmod	_	_
47	by	by	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	46	nmod	_	_
49	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	51	nsubj:pass	_	_
50	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	51	aux:pass	_	_
51	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	48	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **display** | present | this stories | stories's imaginative faculties |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent faculty=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | stories *= story* | guides and the marriage customs |  |  |  | to the nature of the religious belief; the form of government *appos*; the marriage customs *conj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **relate** | present | that |  |  |  |  | of much; to the inner and the outer life of those by the outer life of those | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to inner=Co-Theme |
| 4 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | stories *= story* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 5 | **form** |  |  | government |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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