---
title: Combined in one way they present the picture of a lion, another comb… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Combined in one way they present the picture of a lion, another combination shows a map of Europe, another still, a view of St Paul’s, and so on. Who acts: stories. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 27

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Combined in one way they present the picture of a lion, another combination shows a map of Europe, another still, a view of St Paul’s, and so on.

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**Who acts:** stories · **What happens:** combine, present, show, view · **To what, where:** one way, picture, map, St Paul

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stories), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:27
# text = Combined in one way they present the picture of a lion, another combination shows a map of Europe, another still, a view of St Paul’s, and so on.
1	Combined	combine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	advcl	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	present	present	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	14	det	_	_
14	combination	combination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
15	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	25	det	_	_
22	still	still	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	St	St	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	Paul	Paul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	’s	's	PART	POS	_	28	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	so	so	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
33	on	on	ADV	RB	_	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **combine** | participle |  |  |  | one way |  |  | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **present** | present | stories *= story* | the picture of a lion and another combination |  |  |  |  | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent picture=Theme |
| 3 | **show** | present |  | a map of Europe and another view of St Paul |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent map=Recipient |
| 4 | **view** |  |  | St Paul |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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