---
title: Tens of thousands of Kaffirs have adopted the religion of the Europe… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Tens of thousands of Kaffirs have adopted the religion of the Europeans, and the facility with which such changes can be made as were alluded to in the last paragraph has encouraged them to introduce ideas borrowed from their teachers. Who acts: such changes, facility. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lor
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 31

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Tens of thousands of Kaffirs have adopted the religion of the Europeans, and the facility with which such changes can be made as were alluded to in the last paragraph has encouraged them to introduce ideas borrowed from their teachers.

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**Who acts:** such changes, facility · **What happens:** adopt, make, allude, encourage, introduce, borrow · **To what, where:** Tens, such changes, last paragraph, changes, ideas

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (such changes, facility), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:31
# text = Tens of thousands of Kaffirs have adopted the religion of the Europeans, and the facility with which such changes can be made as were alluded to in the last paragraph has encouraged them to introduce ideas borrowed from their teachers.
1	Tens	ten	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Kaffirs	kaffir	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	adopted	adopt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	religion	religion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	facility	facility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	obl	_	_
19	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	changes	change	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl:relcl	_	_
24	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
25	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
26	alluded	allude	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	xcomp	_	_
27	to	to	ADP	IN	_	26	obl	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	paragraph	paragraph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
32	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
33	encouraged	encourage	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
34	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	obj	_	_
35	to	to	PART	TO	_	36	mark	_	_
36	introduce	introduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	advcl	_	_
37	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obj	_	_
38	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	acl	_	_
39	from	from	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	41	nmod:poss	_	_
41	teachers	teacher	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adopt** | present · perfect · passive |  | Tens of thousands of Kaffirs |  |  |  | the religion of the Europeans *obj* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Theme religion=Attribute |
| 2 | **make** | can · passive |  | such changes |  |  |  | with the facility | tree rules |
| 3 | **allude** | past · passive | such changes *not said here* |  |  | the last paragraph |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **encourage** | present · perfect | the facility | changes *= change* |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 5 | **introduce** | to-infinitive | the facility *not said here* | ideas |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Patient |
| 6 | **borrow** | participle |  | ideas *not said here* |  |  |  | from changes's teachers | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from teacher=Source |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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