---
title: Most of them have been obtained from at least ten or twelve individu… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Most of them have been obtained from at least ten or twelve individuals residing in different parts of the country, and they have all undergone a thorough revision by a circle of natives. Who acts: ten individuals, Tales. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening, with its dep
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 35

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Most of them have been obtained from at least ten or twelve individuals residing in different parts of the country, and they have all undergone a thorough revision by a circle of natives.

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**Who acts:** ten individuals, Tales · **What happens:** obtain, reside, undergo · **To what, where:** Most, ten individuals, different parts, thorough revision

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ten individuals, Tales), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:35
# text = Most of them have been obtained from at least ten or twelve individuals residing in different parts of the country, and they have all undergone a thorough revision by a circle of natives.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	nmod	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	obtained	obtain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	10	nmod	_	_
10	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	conj	_	_
13	individuals	individual	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
14	residing	reside	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
25	all	all	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	undergone	undergo	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	thorough	thorough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	revision	revision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
30	by	by	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **obtain** | present · perfect · passive |  | Most of Tales |  | ten individuals |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from individual=Source |
| 2 | **reside** | gerund | ten individuals *not said here* |  |  | different parts of the country |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in part=Location |
| 3 | **undergo** | present · perfect | Tales *= tale* | a thorough revision |  |  |  | by a circle of natives; all *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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