---
title: I have directed the work of others, but have myself done nothing mor… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: I have directed the work of others, but have myself done nothing more than was necessary to explain the text. Who acts: I, others. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 38

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I have directed the work of others, but have myself done nothing more than was necessary to explain the text.

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**Who acts:** I, others · **What happens:** direct, have, do, be, explain, work · **To what, where:** work, myself, text

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, others), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:38
# text = I have directed the work of others, but have myself done nothing more than was necessary to explain the text.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	directed	direct	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	myself	myself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	10	obj	_	_
12	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	conj	_	_
14	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	17	advmod	_	_
15	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	necessary	necessary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	explain	explain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	17	csubj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **direct** | present · perfect | I | the work of others |  |  |  | nothing *conj* | vn supervision-95.2.2-1 «NP V NP.predicate»: agent=Agent work=Eventuality |
| 2 | **have** | present |  | myself |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent myself=Patient |
| 3 | **do** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | necessary *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **explain** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  | the text |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent text=Topic |
| 6 | **work** |  | others |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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