---
title: Most of the tales collected in this book have already appeared in va… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Most of the tales collected in this book have already appeared in various South African papers and magazines, some as far back as 1874. Who acts: Most. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 40

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Most of the tales collected in this book have already appeared in various South African papers and magazines, some as far back as 1874.

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**Who acts:** Most · **What happens:** collect, appear · **To what, where:** book

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:40
# text = Most of the tales collected in this book have already appeared in various South African papers and magazines, some as far back as 1874.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	collected	collect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
9	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	already	already	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	appeared	appear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
13	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
14	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
15	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	papers	paper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	magazines	magazine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	16	acl	_	_
21	as	as	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	23	advmod	_	_
23	back	back	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	1874	1874	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | past | Most of the tales |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **appear** | present · perfect | Most of the tales *not said here* |  |  | this book |  | in various South African papers and magazines | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in book=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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