---
title: They were arranged for publication in a volume which was to have bee… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: They were arranged for publication in a volume which was to have been issued from the press of the Lovedale Missionary Institution, and the first sheet was already printed, when the disturbances of 1877 took place. Who acts: disturbances, Lovedale Institution. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by Geo
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Opening, sentence 41

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They were arranged for publication in a volume which was to have been issued from the press of the Lovedale Missionary Institution, and the first sheet was already printed, when the disturbances of 1877 took place.

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**Who acts:** disturbances, Lovedale Institution · **What happens:** arrange, issue, print, take, press · **To what, where:** magazines, volume, press, first sheet, place

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (disturbances, Lovedale Institution), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:1:41
# text = They were arranged for publication in a volume which was to have been issued from the press of the Lovedale Missionary Institution, and the first sheet was already printed, when the disturbances of 1877 took place.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	arranged	arrange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	publication	publication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	volume	volume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
12	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	aux	_	_
13	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	issued	issue	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	press	press	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
20	Lovedale	Lovedale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
21	Missionary	Missionary	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	flat	_	_
22	Institution	institution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	27	amod	_	_
27	sheet	sheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux:pass	_	_
29	already	already	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	printed	print	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
32	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	37	advmod	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	disturbances	disturbance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nsubj	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	34	nmod	_	_
37	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	conj	_	_
38	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrange** | past · passive |  | magazines *= magazine* |  | a volume |  | for publication | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in volume=Destination |
| 2 | **issue** | past · perfect · passive |  | a volume |  | the press of the Lovedale Institution |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: which=Theme |
| 3 | **print** | past · passive |  | the first sheet |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **take** | past | the disturbances of 1877 | place |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Theme |
| 5 | **press** |  | the Lovedale Institution |  |  |  |  |  | nom press «state intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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